The first character indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets, each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The third set represents the others class.Įach of the three characters represent the read, write, and execute permissions: The second set represents the group class. r if reading is permitted, - if it is not.w if writing is permitted, - if it is not.x if execution is permitted, - if it is not.The following are some examples of symbolic notation:
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- rwx r-x r-x a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.c rw- rw- r- a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.d r-x - a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.Īnother method for representing permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown.The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100).Įach of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: user, group, and others.Įach of these digits is the sum of its component bits As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral: This notation consists of at least three digits.The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and.The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).These values never produce ambiguous combinations.